Definition
of Islamic Civilization’s History
Arrenged to Complete History of Islamic Civilization Lesson
Lecturer: Dr. Nasihun Amin, M.Ag.
Arrenged by:
Ali Nashokha (134211079)
Tafsir and Hadith Ushuluddin Faculty
State Islamic University of Walisongo Semarang
2014 M / 1346 H
Chapter I
1. Introduction
History cannot be detached from the
life of a nation, country, even individuals. History is closely related to
causal law, what our ancestors did in the past to our present life. So what do
we do today, will have an impact on the lives of future generations. Through
history we are able to take a valuable lesson from a process of life of a
nation.
If we look at the legacy of Islamic
civilization such as al-Azhar University in Egypt, Blue Mosque in Andalusia,
then we will see that Islam never reached stardom. At that time appeared the
figure of the muslim scientists, discoveries and thoughts they contribute to
the development of world civilization. Among the muslim scholars is Ibn Sina to
the science of medicine, al-Khwārizmī, with his mathematical sciences,
al-Ghazali with his philosophy of science, al-Fazari with Astronomical Science,
and much more.
In Indonesia, Islamic civilization
also incised gold ink. Recorded several Islamic kingdoms in Indonesia of which
the Kingdom of Pasai in Aceh, the Islamic Mataram Kingdom and Kingdom of Demak
in Central Java, as well as the Kingdom of Banten in West Java. The existence
of the Islamic Kingdom of native Indonesia is able to accept Islam with open
arms. Islam came peacefully, not imposing the will of, and respect for
ancestral traditions that existed before.
It is therefore very important for
us to study history. Our first President Sukarno was never a State to deliver a
speech about the importance of studying history. The speech, entitled JASMERAH
(Jangan Melupakan Sejarah) invites the people of Indonesia to don’t forgetting
the history.
In the Quran God also reminded the
people not to forget history:
وَكُلاًّ
نَقُصُّ عَلَيْكَ مِنْ أَنْباءِ الرُّسُلِ مَا نُثَبِّتُ بِهِ فُؤادَكَ وَجاءَكَ فِي
هذِهِ الْحَقُّ وَمَوْعِظَةٌ وَذِكْرى لِلْمُؤْمِنِينَ
"And all the story of prophets,
which Us tell you, is that the stories with which he shall strengthen your
heart, Us; and in this letter has come unto you the truth as well as teaching
and a warning to those who believe. " (Q.S. Hud: 120)
Even God has commanded man to not
forget the stories of the past. He wanted people to learn from the mistakes of
the past so that people do not repeat the same mistakes. Because through the
history of mankind is capable of transforming the experience and knowledge of
the previous generation, the generation now, until the next generation.
1. Formulation of the Problem
a. Understanding the history of Islamic civilization.
b. Aspects of the history of Islamic civilization.
c. Methods of historical research of Islamic
civilization.
Chapter II
Analisys
A. Understanding the history of Islamic civilization
The history of Islamic civilization,
consisting of three distinct syllables that joined to form one new meaning. In
this first section later explained the meaning of perkata, i.e.,
"history", "civilization", and "Islam". In
addition it will also put forward some opinions of experts about the sense of
the history of Islamic society.
Ø
Understanding History
In the dictionary of the history of
the Indonesian Language word meaning of Genesis and perisriwa that actually
occurred in the past.
Word history have in common philosophically with the word Syajarah in Arabic
which means family tree. The tree is a representation of a set of genealogy,
each piece such as root, stem, leaf, as well as all the other parts have a very
close relationship. So did with history, among the past, today, and the future
too closely interconnected.
The history of the Indonesian
Language have the same meaning with the date in Arabic, gesichicte in Germany,
History in the United Kingdom, as well as the istoria Greece. They all have a
similar meaning, namely the science about human relating to chronology.
As for the
sense of history according to some expert are as follows:
a. According to Ibn Khaldun
The fact of the history contains meaning as an
observation and an attempt to seek kebanaran of an object history. The truth is
sought by way of examining in depth the substance, essence, and the reasons for
the occurrence of the history object is stripped.
b. History according to Frans
Rosental
History is a description of human activities that
occur on an ongoing basis, whether performed individually or in groups. So it
can be said that the history very closely related with human routine.
c. History according to Prof.
Nourozzaman ash-Shiddiqie
History is the past events which not only contains
information about an event, but also gives an interpretation of events that
happened to relate it to the law of cause and effect. Thus history was very
open to the reconstructed if new evidence is found.
d. History according to Sayyid
Quttub
History is not an event but rather an interpretation
of an event. The interpretation is done by connecting the real and imaginary,
then menjalinnya and give dynamism in space and time.
From some of the experts opinion
then we can draw conclusions from an understanding of history. History is not
just a note about a character or a civilization, but its history is a science
that opened up a treasure of human development is working very long. History is
not a fictional story as legend, saga, or other similar things. But history
must be able to prove empirically and logically.
Objective: historical events
themselves without the intervention of human interpretation. The subjective
history: events that already tercampuri human interest Affairs, opposed to a
history of objective.
Ø
The meaning of civilization
Civilization literally comes from
the word which means the etiquette of manners, politeness, and morals. Thus
civilization means all manners of behavior and manners of humanity in the
realities of life. Meanwhile, in a large Indonesian Language Dictionary has the
meaning of civilization as one pertaining to manners, manners, and culture of a
nation.
This community during Indonesia's
often likens the notion of "civilization" with "culture",
but the two terms have different meanings. The word civilization in the
Indonesian Language have the correct meaning of uniformity with the haddlarah
in Arabic Language and civilization in the United Kingdom. While the words
culture have in common the sense with ats-saqafah and culture.
In the development of the science of
anthropology today, the term culture and civilizations have been distinguished
in two different terms. Culture is a deep expression of a society. Inside are
the knowledge and ideas in order to understand the environment as guidelines in
the Act. While civilization is the manifestation of the progress of mechanical and
tekhnologis. So the most fundamental differences of culture and civilization
lies in the real reflection generated.
The cornerstone of an ideal
civilization that cannot be separated from the presence of a culture. As well
as will be more fully if they rely on religion (Islam). So culture and
civilization have a new relationship very closely, which can not be separated.
From the above discussion it can be
concluded, that the understanding of the history of Islamic civilization is a
long process undertaken by Muslims to achieve a civilization that is in
accordance with Quran and Sunnah rasul.
B. aspects of history:
ü Aspects of
heuristics. History of Interprestasi must be accounted for, based on historical
sources, as well as not making this up.
ü Aspect of criticism.
History is not a science that is immune to criticism. History should be through
criticism aspect to know how valid the history object.
ü Aspects
interprestation. Any historical events are objective, but the interprestasi of
events that history is subjective. There is no interprestasi that objective,
there is only subjective interprestasi diobjektifkan.
C. Methods Of Historical Research
Before doing research on the history
of objects, a researcher should know what method he would use. The method of writing
history is a way to locate, research, and testing object to get an overview of
history, or the history of the interpretation of the object. After research
using the method of history is finished, a researcher must reconstruct the
history data into an interpretation of history. The reconstruction process is
called Historiography.
During these historians have three
methods that are considered the most accurate in digging up historical data,
descriptive method, comparative method, method of analysis and synthesis.
1. The Method of Oral (Interview)
Through this method, a researcher
looking for historical data by way of conducting the interview directly with
the perpetrators of the history. The data thus obtained is primary data, those
data have a high validity. But the downside of this method is the difficulty of
finding witnesses to history, because many of those who are elderly or have
even died.
2. The Method of Observation
Observational method is the first
method used by most researchers. A researcher descends directly into the field
to observe the object of history, then the pemgamatan results are recorded
systematically. To observe directly, a researcher was able to conduct research
in detail. But the researchers also must be very careful to observe objects in
the history of the very vulnerable to damage.
3. Documentary Methods
An object that contains the text as
history texts, inscriptions, historical objects or other written, usually
studied by using the method of the documentary. Researchers not only observe
the written text in the script, but also the social background, politics,
economics, and religion behind the writing. Thus researchers are able to
interpret events that are recorded in the history of the object.
D. Method Of Writing History
The writing of history is a very
important part in this series of historical research. In this phase a
researcher must be able to interpret and merekontruksi history based on
existing evidence. Researchers are required to apply an objective, not manipulating
historical facts for the sake of personal interests or groups.
There are three methods of history
writing, i.e. the descriptive method, comparative method, method of analysis
and synthesis.
1. Descriptive Methods
This method of menggambarakan
history in a manner described it in General. Historical facts are not described
in detail but only described parts that are considered important only.
2. Comparative Method
Comparative method of trying to
compare a development of Islamic civilization, Islamic civilization with
others. By comparing two different Islamic civilization, we will know the
differences and similarities between them as well as the factors which affected
it.
As an example we will compare the
Islamic civilization during the Khulafa ar-Rashidun with the Banu Umayyah. On
The Death Of The Prophet Muhammad. Stick people leadership continues to the
Khulafa ar-Rashidun, during such conditions Moslems is not much different with
the prophets. If there is a problem can still be solved peacefully by amir
al-mu’minin. In addition to electing the Caliph made in family and mutual
agreement.
Meanwhile on the Bani Umayyah, the
condition of social, political, and economic Islamic community have already
begun to change. Form of Government has been transformed into a monarchy, which
became a Caliph is a descendant of Muawiyyah Ibn Abi Sufyan. Islam began to
expand his realm by conquering the neighboring lands.
By comparing the small sample of
Islamic civilization in two different time, we'll know a civilization progress
or even decline. The Bani Umayyah Islam during the time of progress in his
realm. But the decline in the areas of democratic governance, which switched
from being a monarchy.
3. Methods of Analysis Synthesis
This method uses a critical analysis
in the writing of history. Studies as well as considering include a very wide
historical objects, as well as the resulting conclusion is also very
specific.With the method of this research, it would seem the advantages and
peculiarities of Islamic civilization which does not belong to another
civilization.
Chapter
III
Reference
ü Al-Quran
al-Karim
ü Amir, Samsul Munir,
Sejarah Perdaban Islam, Jakarta:
Amzah, 2010.
ü Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
ü Syukur, Fatah Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Semarang,: Pustaka
Riski Putra, 2009.
